In Britain the Pliocene is divided into the following stages (old to young): Gedgravian, Waltonian, Pre-Ludhamian, Ludhamian, Thurnian, Bramertonian or Antian, Pre-Pastonian or Baventian, Pastonian and Beestonian. As usual in stratigraphy, there are many other regional and local subdivisions in use. In the Paratethys area (central Europe and parts of western Asia) the Pliocene contains the Dacian (roughly equal to the Zanclean) and Romanian (roughly equal to the Piacenzian and Gelasian together) stages. South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMA) include Montehermosan (6.8–4.0 Ma), Chapadmalalan (4.0–3.0 Ma) and Uquian (3.0–1.2 Ma).The Blancan extends forward into the Pleistocene. North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMA) include Hemphillian (9–4.75 Ma), and Blancan (4.75–1.6 Ma).The Piacenzian is sometimes referred to as the Late Pliocene, whereas the Zanclean is referred to as the Early Pliocene. In the official timescale of the ICS, the Pliocene is subdivided into two stages.
Some schemes for subdivisions of the Pliocene The upper boundary was set at the start of the Pleistocene glaciations. The boundaries defining the Pliocene are not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer Miocene and the relatively cooler Pliocene. Īs with other older geologic periods, the geological strata that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included the Gelasian Stage, which lasted from 2.588 to 1.806 million years ago, and is now included in the Pleistocene. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. oʊ-/ PLY-ə-seen, PLY-oh- also Pleiocene ) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP. Extinction of the Haptophytes Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus.Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama).īase of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n), which is only 96 ka (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP Subdivision of the Neogene according to the ICS, as of 2021.
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